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Bacteriology at UW-Madison
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What is the relationship of each of these bacterial structures to virulence among bacteria that are pathogens of humans? (This refers to specific bacterial structural components that are major determinants of virulence in pathogens, e.g. capsules, biofilms, fimbriae, sex-pilus, flagella, endospores, cell wall components - peptidoglycan, LPS, teichoic acid) Bacterial Structure in Relationship to Pathogenicity
Identify each of these bacteria (minimally by Gram-stain and morphology) and describe its relationship to humans. This refers to the medically-important bacterial pathogens as well as predominant normal flora. This uestion shows up with more bacteria on the second exam. Bacillus anthracis, Bacteroides sp., Bifidobacterium bifidus, Bordetella pertussis, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stapphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae. Bacteria of Medical Importance The Bacterial Flora of HumansWhat is a predominant bacterium at each of these anatomical sites in a human, and what benefit or harm does it provide to its host? (This refers to all human anatomical sites occupied by a conventional normal flora.) The Bacterial Flora of Humans
Describe the ways that the normal flora of humans may be involved in protection of these tissues: oral cavity; vagina; skin; gastrointestinal tract. The Bacterial Flora of HumansDescribe the "pathogenesis" of dental caries. The Bacterial Flora of Humans Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and Methods of Disease Prevention
Design an experiment to show that type 1 fimbriae of E. coli, which terminate in mannose, bind specifically to a mannosyl receptor on the intestinal epithelium and to a similar receptor on macrophages. Colonization and Invasion by Bacterial Pathogens
What is meant by the "A : B subunit arrangement" of bacterial exotoxins. What is the function of the A and B subunits of a protein toxin. Use the diphtheria toxin, dtx, as a model to explain your answers. Bacterial Protein Toxins
Explain the two ways that bacterial exotoxins gain entry into susceptible cells. Bacterial Protein Toxins
Most of the bacterial protein toxins can be organized into one of several categories based on their type of activity. What are these categories? Name a bacterial toxin that fits each category. Bacterial Protein Toxins
How are each of the following bacterial structures or substances involved in pathogenesis of disease: flagella, fimbriae, polysaccharide capsule, poly-D-glutamate capsule, biofilm (slime), cell wall components (i.e., LPS, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan), hyaluronic acid capsule, mycolic acid, M protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, coagulase, hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, collagenase, IgA protease, streptokinase, adenylate cyclase, leukocidin, streptolysin, cholera toxin ctx, diphtheria toxin dtx, tetanus toxin, pyrogenic exotoxin (e.g. TSST)? Bacterial Structure in Relationship to Pathogenicity Colonization and Invasion by Bacterial Pathogens Bacterial Defense against Phagocytosis Bacterial Defense against Immune Responses Bacterial Protein Toxins Bacterial Endotoxin
What are the respective contributions of the O-polysaccharide and Lipid A of LPS that may be involved in pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacterial infections? Bacterial Endotoxin
What are the strategies by which bacterial pathogens defend against
the host phagocytic response? Give examples.
Bacterial
Defense against Phagocytosis
What are the ways that bacterial pathogens can avoid or bypass the
host
immune responses. Give an example of each.
Bacterial
Defense against Immune Responses
What is inflammation? What are the components of the inflammatory exudate? Why is inflammation, in spite of its obvious pathology, regarded as an important host defense against bacteria? The Constitutive (Innate) Host Defenses
Illustrate and explain how activation of complement leads to each of its principal antibacterial effects, including the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria. The Constitutive (Innate) Host Defenses
What cells in an animal are involved in phagocytic engulfment and destruction of bacterial cells? Identify the steps in the process of phagocytosis and explain how a bacterial pathogen might avoid each step in order to escape phagocytic killing. What is the importance of receptors on phagocytes for opsonized bacteria? How do phagocytes kill and digest bacterial cells. The Constitutive (Innate) Host Defenses
Describe the ways that IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE antibody molecules are used as a defense against bacterial pathogens during an immune response. The Immune Defenses
What are the possible benefits and complications of a cell-mediated
immune response to a bacterial pathogen?
The
Immune Defenses
How is each of the following structures, products, or genes involved
in the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus? For each item
of
virulence, identify a staphylococcal disease wherein the determinant
plays
an obvious role in the disease or pathology.
Staphylococcus
and Staphylococcal Disease
leukocidin
cell-bound coagulase or clumping factor
staphylokinase
carotenoid pigments, catalase and superoxide dismutase
Protein A
methicillin-Resistance plasmid
TSS toxin (TSST1)
enterotoxin SEA
exfoliatin toxin
What is the biochemical or structural nature of each of these
components
of Streptococcus pyogenes (e.g. cell wall component,
fimbriae,
toxin, enzyme, etc.), and what is its biological activity during the
expression
of virulence in streptococcal disease? Streptococcus
and Streptococcal Disease
hyaluronidase
streptolysin
streptokinase
hyaluronic acid
M-protein
C-substance
Protein F
streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin)