UW-Madison Dept of Bacteriology

Select Publications

Eubanks, L. M., M. S. Hixon, W. Jin, S. Hong, C. M. Clancy, W. H. Tepp, M. R. Baldwin, C. J. Malizio, M, C. Goodnough, J. T. Barbieri, E. A. Johnson, D. L. Boger, T. J. Dickerson, and K. D. Janda. An in vitro and in vivo disconnect uncovered through high-throughput identification of botulinum neurotoxin A antagonists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA104:2602–2607 (2007).

Hill, K. K., T. J. Smith, C. H. Helma, L. O. Ticknor, B. T. Foley, R. T. Svensson, J. L. Brown, E. A. Johnson, L. A. Smith, R. T. Okinaka, P. J. Jackson, and J. D. Marks. Genetic diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridial strains. J. Bacteriol. 189:818–832 (2007).

Johnson, E. A. Clostridium botulinum. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edition. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (2007).

Johnson, E. A., and P. Setlow. Spores and their significance. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edition. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (2007).

Johnson, E. A., P. Summanen, and S. M. Finegold. Clostridium. In: P. R. Murray (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th edition. ASM Press, Washington, D. C. (2007).

Kale, R. R., C. M. Clancy, R. M. Vermillion, E. A. Johnson, and S. S. Iyer. Synthesis of soluble multivalent glycoconjugates that target the Hc region of botulinum neurotoxin A. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 17(8):2459-2464 (2007).

Arndt, J. W., M. J. Jacobson, E. E. Abola, C. M. Forsyth, W. H. Tepp, J. D. Marks, E. A. Johnson, and R. C. Stevens. A structural perspective of the sequence variability within botulinum neurotoxin subtypes A1-A4. J. Mol. Biol. 362(4):733–742 (2006).

Chai, Q., J. W. Arndt, M. Dong, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, E. R. Chapman, R. C. Stevens. Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B. Nature 444(7122):1096–1100 (2006).

Dong, Min, F. Yeh, W. H. Tepp, C. Dean, E. A. Johnson, R. Janz, and E. R. Chapman. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A. Science 312(5773):592–596 (2006).

Johnson, E. A., G. E. Borodic, and M. A. Acquadro. Medical applications of botulinum neurotoxins. In: J. E.. Alouf and M. R. Popoff (eds.), Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 3rd edition. p. 959–975. Elsevier (2006).

Johnson, E. A., and E. J. Schantz. Miscellaneous natural intoxicants. In: H. Riemann and D. O. Cliver (eds.), Foodborne Infections and Intoxications, 3rd edition. p. 663–709. Elsevier (2006).

Park, J. –S., S. Teren, W. H. Tepp, D. J. Beebe, E. A. Johnson, and N. L. Abbott. Formation of oligopeptide-based polymeric membranes at interfaces between aqueous phases and thermotropic liquid crystals. Chemistry Materials 18:6147–6151 (2006).

Anne, C., S. Turcaud, A. G. S. Blommaert, F. Darchen, E. A. Johnson, and B. P. Roques. Partial protection against botulinum B neurotoxin-induced blocking of exocytosis by a potent inhibitor of its metallopeptidase activity. ChemBioChem. 6(8):1375–1380 (2005).

Baldwin, M. R., W. H. Tepp, C. L. Pier, M. Bradshaw, M. Ho, B. A. Wilson, R. B. Fritz, E. A. Johnson, and J. T. Barbieri. Characterization of the antibody response to the receptor binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and E. Infect. Immun.73:6998–7005 (2005).

Borodic, G., M. Bartley, W. Slattery, M. Glasscock, E. Johnson, C. Malazio, M. Goodnough, M. Acquadro, and M. McKenna. Botulinum toxin for aberrant facial nerve regeneration: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using subjective endpoints. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116(1):36–43 (2005).

Brehm-Stecher, B. F., J. J. Hyldig-Nielsen, and E. A. Johnson. Design and evaluation of 16S rRNA-targeted peptide nucleic acid probes for whole cell detection of the genus Listeria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5451–5457 (2005).

Johnson, E. A. Clostridial neurotoxins. In: P. Duerre, ed. Handbook of Clostridia. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005).

Johnson, E. A., and A. E. Larson. Lysozyme. In P.M. Davidson, (ed)., Antimicrobials in Foods, 3rd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005).

Johnson, E. A., W. H. Tepp, M. Bradshaw, R. J. Gilbert, P. E. Cook, and E. D. G. McIntosh. Characterization of Clostridium botulinum strains associated with an infant botulism case in the United Kingdom. J. Clinical Micro. 43:2602–2607 (2005).

Smith, T. J., J. Lou, I. N. Geren, C. M. Forsyth, R. Tsai, S. L. LaPorte, W. H. Tepp, M. Bradshaw, E. A. Johnson, L. A. Smith, and J. D. Marks. Sequence variation within botulinum neurotoxin serotypes impacts antibody binding and neutralization. Infect. Immun. 73:5450–5457 (2005).

Baldwin, M.R., M. Bradshaw, E.A. Johnson, and J.T. Barbieri. The C-terminus of botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain contributes to solubility, catalysis, and stability. Protein Exp. Purif. 37:187–195 (2004).

Bradshaw, M., S. S. Dineen, N. D. Maks, and E. A. Johnson. Regulation of neurotoxin complex expression in Clostridium botulinum strains 62A, Hall A-hyper, and NCTC 2916. Anaerobe 10:321–333 (2004).

Brehm-Stecher, B. F., and E. A. Johnson. Single-cell microbiology: Tools, technologies, and applications. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 68: 538–559 (2004).

Brehm-Stecher, B. F., and E. A. Johnson. Rapid nucleic acid-based detection and enumeration of Listeria spp. by flow cytometry. ILSI Listeria Research Update Proceedings. Food Protection Trends 24:761–763 (2004).

Dineen, S. S., M. Bradshaw, C. Karasek, and E. A. Johnson. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the type A2 neurotoxin gene cluster in Clostridium botulinum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 235:9–16 (2004).

Dong, M., W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and E. R. Chapman. Using fluorescent sensors to detect botulinum neurotoxin activity in vitro and in living cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:14701–14706 (2004).

Echavarri-Erasun, C. and E. A. Johnson. Stimulation of astaxanthin formation in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. FEMS Yeast Res. 4:511–519 (2004).

Glass, K.A. and E.A. Johnson. Factors that contribute to the botulinal safety of reduced-fat and fat-free process cheese products. J. Food Prot. 67:1687–1693 (2004).

Glass, K.A. and E.A. Johnson. Antibotulinal activity of process cheese ingredients. J. Food Prot. 67:1765–1769 (2004).

Glass, K.A. and E.A. Johnson. Antagonistic effect of fat on the antibotulinal activity of food preservatives and fatty acids. Food Microbiol. 21:675–682 (2004).

Moorthy, J., G. A. Mensing, D. Kim, S. Mohanty, D. T. Eddington, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and D. J. Beebe. Microfluidic tectonics platform: a colorimetric, disposable botulinum toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. Electrophoresis 25:1705–1713 (2004).

Puhar, A., E. A. Johnson, O. Rossetto, and C. Montecucco. Comparison of the pH-induced conformational change of different clostridial neurotoxins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319:66–71 (2004).

Sukonpan, C., T. Oost, M. Goodnough, W. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and D. H. Rich. Synthesis of substrates and inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin type A metalloprotease. J. Peptide Res. 63(2):181–193 (2004).

Brehm-Stecher, B. F., and E. A. Johnson. Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoid nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(10):3357–3360 (2003).

Caccin, P, O. Rossetto, M. Rigoni, E. Johnson, G. Schiavo, and C. Montecucco. VAMP/synaptobrevin cleavage by tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins is strongly enhanced by acidic liposomes. FEBS Lett. 542(1–3):132–136 (2003).

Dineen, S. S., M. Bradshaw, and E. A. Johnson. Neurotoxin gene clusters in Clostridium botulinum type A strains: Sequence comparison and evolutionary implications. Current Microbiol. 46(5):345–352 (2003).

Dong, M., D. A. Richards, M. C. Goodnough, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and E. R. Chapman. Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells. J. Cell Biol. 162(7):1293–1303 (2003).

Ferreira, J. L., S. Maslanka, E. Johnson, and M. Goodnough. Detection of botulinal neurotoxins A, B, E, and F by amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 86(2):314–331 (2003).

Foran, P. G., N. Mohammed, G. O. Lisk, S. Nagwaney, G. W. Lawrence, E. Johnson, L. Smith, K. R. Aoki, and J. O. Dolly. Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F compared with the long lasting type A — Basis for distinct durations of inhibition of exocytosis in central neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 278(2):1363–1371 (2003).

Johnson, E. A. Phaffia rhodozyma: colorful odyssey. Int. Microbiol. 6(3):169–174 (2003).

Johnson, E. A. Microbial adaptation and survival in foods, pp. 75–103. In: Microbial Stress Adaptation and Food Safety, A. E. Yousef and V. K. Juneja (eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2003).

Johnson, E. A. Bacterial pathogens and toxins in foodborne disease. In: Food Safety: Contaminants and Toxins, J.P.F. D'Mello (ed.). CABI Publishing (2003).

Oost, T., C. Sukonpan, M. Brewer, M. Goodnough, W. Tepp, E.A. Johnson, and D.H. Rich. Design and synthesis of substrate-based inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin type b metalloprotease. Biopolymers 71:602–619 (2003).

Echavarri-Erasun, C., and E. A. Johnson. Fungal carotenoids. In Applied Mycology and Biotechnology, Vol. 2, Agriculture and Food Production. Elsevier Science, The Netherlands (2002).

Finegold, S. M., D. Molitoris, Y. Song, C. Liu, M.-L. Vaisanen, E. Bolte, M. McTeague, R. Sandler, H. Wexler, E. M. M. Marlowe, M. D. Collins, P. A. Lawson, P. Summanen, M. Baysallar, T. J. Tomzynski, E. Read, E. Johnson, R. Rolfe, P. Nasir, H. Shah, D. A. Haake, P. Manning, and A. Kaul. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(Suppl. 1):S6–S16 (2002).

Glass, K.A., D. A. Granberg, A. L. Smith, A. M. McNamara, M. Hardin, J. Mattias, K. Ladwig, and E. A. Johnson. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by sodium diacetate and sodium lactate on wieners and cooked bratwurst. J. Food Prot. 65:116–123 (2002).

Goodnough, M. C., G. Oyler, P. S. Fishman, E. A. Johnson, E. A. Neale, J. E. Keller, W. H. Tepp, M. Clark, and S. Hartz. Development of a delivery vehicle for intracellular transport of botulinum neurotoxin antagonists. FEBS Lett. 513:163–168 (2002).

Johnson, E. A., M. C. Goodnough, C. M. Malizio, W. H. Tepp, S. S. Dineen, and M. Bradshaw. Hybrid and chimeric botulinum toxin molecules, pp. 477–484. In Scientific and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum Toxin, M. F. Brin, M. Hallett, and J. Jankovic (eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA (2002).

Johnson, E. A., and E. J. Schantz. Seafood toxins. Chapt. 15. In: Foodborne Diseases, D. O. Cliver and H. Riemann (eds.). 2nd edition, Academic Press (2002).

Peck, R. F., E. A. Johnson, and M. P. Krebs. Identification of a lycopene beta-cyclase required for bacteriorhodopsin biogenesis in the Archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. J. Bacteriol. 184:2889–2897 (2002).

Borodic, G. E., M. Acquadro, and E. A. Johnson. Botulinum toxin therapy for pain and inflammatory disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic effects [Review]. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 10(8):1531–1544 (2001).

Glass, K. A., and E. A. Johnson. Formulating low-acid foods for botulinal safety. pp. 323–350. In: Control of Foodborne Organisms. V. K. Juneja and J. N. Sofos (eds.). Marcel-Dekker, New York (2001).

Johnson, E. A., and M. Bradshaw. Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective [Review]. Toxicon 39(11):1703–1722 (2001).

Pariza, M. W., and E. A. Johnson. Evaluating the safety of microbial enzyme preparations used in food processing: Update for a new century. Regulat. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 33:173–186 (2001).

Peck, R. F., C. Echavarri-Erasun, E. A. Johnson, W. V. Ng, S. P. Kennedy, L. Hood, S. DasSarma, and M. P. Krebs MP. Brp and blh are required for synthesis of the retinal cofactor of bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum. J. Biol. Chem. 276:5739–5744 (2001).

Rigoni, M., P. Caccin, E. A. Johnson, C. Montecucco, and O. Rossetto. Site-directed mutagenesis identifies active-site residues of the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288:1231–1237 (2001).

Setlow, P., and E. A. Johnson. Spores and their significance. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. M. P. Doyle, L. R. Beuchat, and T. Montville (eds.). ASM Press, Washington, DC. (2001).

Solomon, H. M., E. A. Johnson, D. T. Bernard, S. S. Arnon, and J. L. Ferreira. Clostridium botulinum and its toxins, p. 317–324. In: F. P. Downes and K. Ito (eds.), Compendium for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 4th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. (2001).

An, G.-H., O.-S. Suh, H.-C. Kwon, K. Kim, and E. A. Johnson. Quantification of carotenoids in cells of Phaffia rhodozyma by autofluorescence. Biotechnol. Lett. 22:1031–1034 (2000).

Dineen, S. S., M. Bradshaw, and E. A. Johnson. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene encoding the bacteriocin boticin B from Clostridium botulinum strain 213B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:5480–5483 (2000).

Johnson, E. A. Neurotoxigenic clostridia, p. 540–550. In: Gram-Positive Pathogens, V. A. Fischetti et al. (eds.). Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C. (2000).

Johnson, E. A. Clostridia. In: Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Second Edition, J. Lederberg (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (2000).

Johnson, E. A. Pigments, Microbially Produced. In: Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Second Edition, J. Lederberg (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (2000).

Malizio, C. J., M. C. Goodnough, and E. A. Johnson. Purification of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin. In: Bacterial Toxins: Methods and Protocols, O. Holst (Ed.). Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey (2000).

An, G. H., M. H. Cho, and E. A. Johnson. Monocyclic carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous). J. Biosci. Bioengineer. 88:189–193 (1999).

Boekhout, T., J. W. Fell, C. P. Kurtzman, and E. A. Johnson. Proposal to reject the name Rhodomyces dendrorhous (Fungi, Basidiomycota). Taxon 48:147–148 (1999).

Glass, K. A., K. M. Kaufman, A. L. Smith, E. A. Johnson, J. H. Chen, and J. Hotchkiss. Toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in pasteurized milk treated with carbon dioxide. J. Food Prot. 62:872–876 (1999).

Johnson, E. A. Biomedical aspects of botulinum toxin. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 18:1–15 (1999).

Johnson, E. A. Clostridial toxins as therapeutic agents: Benefits of nature's most toxic proteins. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:551–575 (1999).

Larson, A. E., and E. A. Johnson. Evaluation of botulinal toxin production in packaged fresh-cut cantaloupe and honeydew melons. J. Food Prot. 62:948-952 (1999).

Larson, A. E., E. A. Johnson, and J. H. Nelson. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in commercial cheese brines. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1860–1868 (1999).

Maksymowych, A. B., M. Reinhard, C. J. Malizio, M. C. Goodnough, E. A. Johnson EA, and L. L. Simpson. Pure botulinum neurotoxin is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and produces peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Infect. Immun. 67:4708-4712 (1999).

Nelson, J. A., D. A. Wubah, M. E. Whitmer, E. A. Johnson, and D. J. Stewart. Wood-eating catfishes of the genus Panaque: gut microflora and cellulolytic enzyme activities. J. Fish Biol. 54:1069–1082 (1999).

Angulo, F.J., J. Getz, J. P. Taylor, K. A. Hendricks, C. L. Hatheway, S. S. Barth, H. M. Solomon, A. E. Larson, E. A. Johnson, L. N. Nickey, and A. A. Ries. Large outbreak of botulism — the hazardous baked potato. J. Infect. Dis. 178:172–177 (1998)

Bradshaw, M., M. C. Goodnough, and E. A. Johnson. Conjugative transfer of the Escherichia coli–Clostridium perfringens shuttle vector PJIR1457 to Clostridium botulinum type A strains. Plasmid 40:233–237 (1998).

Glass, K. A., K. M. Kaufman, and E. A. Johnson. Survival of bacterial pathogens in pasteurized process cheese slices stored at 30ºC. J. Food Protect. 61:290–294 (1998).

Hatheway, C. L., and E. A. Johnson. Clostridium: the spore-bearing anaerobes, p. 731–782. In Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, ninth edition. L. Collier, A. Ballows, and M. Sussman (eds.). Vol. 2: Systematic Bacteriology. Arnold: London (1998).

Johnson, E. A. Clostridium botulinum. In Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. R. K. Robinson, C. A. Batt, and P. D. Patel (eds.). Academic Press, London (1998).

Johnson, E. A., and M. C. Goodnough. Botulism, pp. 723–741. In Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, ninth edition. L. Collier, A. Ballows, and M. Sussman (eds.). Vol. 3: Bacterial Infections. Arnold: London (1998).

Gu, W. J., G. H. An, and E. A. Johnson. Ethanol increases carotenoid production in Phaffia rhodozyma. J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19:113–117 (1997).

Johnson, E. A. Extrachromosomal virulence determinants in the clostridia. In The Clostridia: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J. I. Rood (ed.) San Diego, CA, Academic Press Ltd. Pp. 35–48 (1997).

Johnson, E. A., W.-J. Lin, Y.-T. Zhou, and M. Bradshaw. Characterization of neurotoxin mutants in Clostridium botulinum type A. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25(Suppl. 2):S168–S170 (1997).

Larson, A. E., E. A. Johnson, C. Barmore, and M. Hughes. Evaluation of the botulism hazard from vegetables in modified atmosphere packaging. J. Food Protect. 60:1208–1214 (1997).

Leyer, G. J., and E. A. Johnson. Acid adaptation sensitizes Salmonella typhimurium towards hypochlorous acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:461–467 (1997).

Schantz, E. J., and E. A. Johnson. Botulinum toxin: The story of its development for the treatment of human disease. Perspect. Biol. Med. 40:317–327 (1997).

Setlow, P., and E. A. Johnson. Spores and their significance. In Food Microbiology. Fundamentals and Frontiers. M. P. Doyle, L. R. Beuchat, and T. J. Montville (eds.). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Pp. 30–65 (1997).

Wang, L.-L., and E. A. Johnson. Control of Listeria monocytogenes by monoglycerides in foods. J. Food Protect. 60:131–138 (1997).

An, G.-H., K.-W. Chang, and E.A. Johnson. Effect of oxygen radicals and aeration on carotenogenesis and growth of Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous). J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6:103–109 (1996).

Borodic, G., E. Johnson, M. Goodnough, and E. Schantz. Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems with available materials. Neurology 46:26–29 (1996).

Hutson, R. A., Y.-T. Zhou, E. A. Johnson, M. D. Collins, C. L. Hatheway and H. Sugiyama. Genetic characterization of Clostridium botulinum type A containing silent type B neurotoxin gene sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 271:10786–10792 (1996).

Johnson, E.A., and W.A. Schroeder. Microbial carotenoids. Advances in Biochem. Engineering/Biotechnology 53:119–178. (1996).

Larson, A.E., R.R.Y. Yu, O.A. Lee, S. Price, G.J. Haas, and E.A. Johnson. Antimicrobial activity of hop extracts against Listeria monocytogenes in media and in food. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 33:195–207 (1996).

Nickelson, R. II, J. Luchansky, C. Kaspar, and E. Johnson. Dry fermented sausage and E. coli O157:H7. National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Chicago, IL. Research Report. No. 11-316, 11 pp. (1996).

Pellizari, R., O. Rossetto, L. Lozzi, S. Giovedi, E. A. Johnson, C. C. Shone, and C. Montecucco. Structural determinants of the specificity for synaptic vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin of tetanus and botulinum type B and G neurotoxins. J. Biol. Chem. 271:20353–20358 (1996).

Schroeder, W.A., P. Calo, M.L. DeClercq, and E.A. Johnson. Selection for carotenogenesis in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma by dark-generated singlet oxygen. Microbiology 142:2923–2929 (1996).

Borodic, G.E., B. Pearce, D. Duane, and E.A. Johnson. Antibodies to botulinum toxin. Neurology 45:204 (1995).

Johnson, E.A., and M.C. Goodnough. Preparation and properties of botulinum toxin type A for medical use. In Handbook of Dystonia. J.K.C. Tsui and D.B. Calne (eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York. Pp. 346–365 (1995).

Johnson, E.A., and W.A. Schroeder. Astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Studies in Mycology 38:81–90 (1995).

Johnson, E.A., and W.A. Schroeder. Microbial carotenoids. Advances in Biochem. Engineering/Biotechnology 53:119–178. (1995).

Leyer, G.J., L.-L. Wang, and E.A. Johnson. Acid adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 increases survival in acidic foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3752–3755 (1995).

Lin, W.-L., and E.A. Johnson. Genome analysis of Clostridium botulinum type A by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4441–4447 (1995).

Luchansky, J.B., and E.A. Johnson. Trends and tactics for reducing fat and cholesterol—addressing dairy issues. Prepared Foods 164(8):73 (1995).

Pearce, L.B., G.E. Borodic, E.A. Johnson, E.R. First, and R. MacCallum. The median paralysis unit: a more pharmacologically relevant unit of biological activity for botulinum toxin. Toxicon 33:217–227 (1995).

Schroeder, W.A., and E.A. Johnson. Carotenoids protect Phaffia rhodozyma against singlet oxygen damage. J. Indust. Microbiol. 14:502–507 (1995).

Schroeder, W.A., and E.A. Johnson. Singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18374–18379 (1995).

Zhou, Y., H. Sugiyama, H. Nakano, and E.A. Johnson. The genes for Clostridium botulinum type G toxin complex are on a plasmid. Infect. Immun. 63:2087–2091 (1995).